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Table 1 Research performed on SEAS approach: prospective studies

From: SEAS (Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis): a modern and effective evidence based approach to physiotherapic specific scoliosis exercises

Paper

Topic

Design

Population

Results

Negrini S et al. [43]

Efficacy of PSSE in AIS short-term

Prospective Controlled Cohort

Treatments

SEAS

UP

1 year Braced: SEAS 1 = UP 5 (P = 0.07) °C: ↑ SEAS (P < 0.05) Clinical results: SEAS > UP (P < 0.05)

Patients

23

28

Females

18

19

Pathology

AIS

Age

12.7 ± 2.2

12.1 ± 1.1

°C

15.5 ± 5.4°

14.9 ± 6.0°

Other

No differences at baseline

Negrini S et al. [44]

Efficacy of PSSE in AIS short-term

Prospective Controlled Cohort

Treatments

SEAS

UP

1 year Braced: SEAS 6.1% > UP 25.0% (P < 0.05) °C: SEAS ↑ UP SEAS: 23.5% ↑, 11.8% ↓ (excluded braced) UP: 11.1% ↑, 13.9% ↓ (excluded braced)

Patients

35

39

Females

 

Pathology

AIS

Age

12.4 ± 2.2

°C

15.0 ± 6.0°

Others

No differences at baseline

Romano M et al. [45]

Efficacy of PSSE in AIS medium term

Prospective Controlled Cohort

Treatments

SEAS

UP

2 years Braced: SEAS 10% > UP 27.6% (P < 0.05)

Patients

20

37

Females

 

Pathology

AIS

Age

12.7 ± 2.2

12.19 ± 3

°C

15.3 ± 5.4

Others

ATR: 8.9 ± 2.8°

Romano M et al. [46]

Efficacy of PSSE in AIS 10-20° short-term

Prospective Controlled Cohort

Treatments

SEAS

UP

End of growth (Risser 3) RR UP vs SEAS 1.74 (IC95 1.22-2.26)

Patients

101

187

Females

190

Pathology

AIS

Age

0ver 10 years

°C

curves range 10-20°

Others

Risser 0–3 ; No differences at baseline

Negrini S et al. [47]

Efficacy of PSSE in AIS

Prospective Controlled Cohort

Treatments

SEAS

UP NOE

End of Growth (Risser 3) °C - Intent-to-Treat Analysis RR NOE < SEAS 1.51 (IC95 1.21-1.80) (P < 0.05) RR NOE < UP 1.40 (IC95 1.08-1.72) (P < 0.05) RR UP = SEAS (P = NS) TRACE: ↑ SEAS (1.8) (P < 0.05); ↑ UP (1.5) (P < 0.05); SEAS > NOE (P < 0.05)

Patients

145

148

Females

 

Pathology

AIS

Age

 

°C

 

Others

No differences at baseline

Negrini S et al. [48]

Efficacy of PSSE in AIS in preparation to bracing

Prospective Controlled Cohort

Treatments

SEAS

UP

First x-ray without brace at 5 months °C: SEAS > UP Clinical results (improvement >5°C, >2° ATR): ↑ SEAS (P < 0.05); ↑ UP (P < 0.05); SEAS > UP (P < 0.05)

Patients

110

Females

34

Pathology

AIS

Age

13.5 ± 2.4

°C

31.1 ± 11.1

Other

No differences at baseline

Zaina F et al. [49]

Efficacy of PSSE in AIS in brace weaning

Prospective Controlled Cohort

Treatments

SEAS UP

DIS NOE

End of treatment °C: ↓ DIS 3.9° (P < 0.05); ↓ NOE 3.1° (P < 0.05). UP > DIS (P < 0.05)

Patients

39

DIS 19 NOE 10

Females

 

Pathology

AIS

Age

15.1 ± 1.0

°C

22.0 ± 8.0°

Others

No differences at baseline

Romano M et al. [50]

Efficacy of PSSE in AIS for balance function short-term

Prospective Controlled Cohort

Treatments

SEAS

NOE NOR

1 year Balance function: SEAS > NOR > NOE (P < 0.05)

Patients

20

NOE 20 NOR 150

Females

 

Pathology

AIS

Age

 

°C

 

Others

No differences at baseline

Romano M et al. [51]

Efficacy of PSSE in hyperkyphosis

Prospective Controlled Cohort

Treatments

SEAS

UP

End of growth Outcome: Plumbline distances at C7 and L3 C7: SEAS ↑ 61 ± 12 to 39 ± 11 (P < 0.05); UP ↑ 54 ± 12 to 41 ± 11 (P < 0.05) L3: SEAS ↑ 47 ± 11 to 41 ± 13 (P < 0.05)

Patients

18

22

Females

21

Pathology

Hyperkyphosis

Age

 

°C

 

Others

No differences at baseline

  1. PSSE: Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercises; SEAS: SEAS (Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis) exercises therapy; UP: Usual Physiotherapy; DIS: Discontinuous Exercises; NOE: No Exercises; NOR: normal subjects; AIS: Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents; °C: Cobb degrees; ATR: Angle of Trunk Rotation measured through Bunnell Scoliometer in degrees; TRACE: TRACE (Trunk Aesthetic Clinical Evaluation) from 1 (best) to 12 (worst).
  2. Statistics: RR: Relative Risk of failure; IC95: 95% Confidence Interval; ITT: Intent-to-Treat Analysis.
  3. Results: ↑: improved; ↓: worsened (progressed); >: better than; =: no differences; braced: number of braced patients; Clinical results: improvement of at least 5° Cobb, 2° ATR.